Bandwith and frequency

I this lab we will investigate a simple wave receiver. We will analyze the bandwidth and the quality factor

here is a picture of the circuit built

 

 

here are the calculations

on the right side we have the theoretical calculations and in the left we have the measured values.

we have seen that as we increase the frequency our current will decrease. and as we increase the resistance in the circuit the quality factor decreases
 

Frequency Response and filters

Objective

to verify the reaction of high and low pas filters

we will build a simple circuit using 1k resistor and 1 micro Farad Capacitor

Here is the circuit

 

 

 

Here are the calculation for the low pass filter

Notice that the voltage is taken off the capacitor

 

 

 

 

 

Here are the calculations for the high pass filter

Notice that the voltage is taken from the Resistor

 



 

 

After the experiment we found out that the filters actually filter voltages. high pass removes the low frequency voltage and the low pass filter removes the high frequency filters.

 



Extra Credit

AC signals

In-Class Demonstration by Prof. Mason to display what AC signals look like

 

 sinusoidal wave

 

 

same wave at a higher frequency

the true value of the capacitor connected was 3.3 microfarads. could not solve for such capacitor

Freemat lab

The objective of this lab is to learn how to use freemat in order to solve mathematical matrices involving imaginary numbers.

 

use freemat to solve nodal analysis

 

 

 

 

assignment 2 solve matrices with imaginary numbers.

 

 

overall it is highly visible that using freemat, the tedious math becomes much more easy. in conclusion it is highly visible why this computational program is a very helpful tool for engineers.



Integrating and differentiating op amp

 

We proceed signals through with circuits involving Resistors Capacitors and op amp

 

integrating op amp  decrease in amplitude and similar frequency

 

 

 

 



Saturation. The voltage applied to the OP amp wasn't enough to apply the necessary change, so the output became a square wave with a capacitor-like exponential decay

differential op amp amplitude decrease ant there is a phase shift. 

 

Second order RLC circuits

online exercises

 

 



Capacitor Charging /Discharging

In this experiment we will be dealing with a circuit that will be charging and discharging a capacitor. the charging of the capacitor is governed by the Capacitor, the charging and discharging resistor,

 

we will need to build a circuit where we are utilizing a

12 Volts Voltage source.

charging time =20seconds

discharging time = 2 sec..

 

here is how we obtained the Capacitor value

 

here is how we obtained the charging Resistance

here is how we obtained the discharging Resistance

 

 

Here is the actual circuit

 

we begin by charging the capacitor and obtaining a final voltage of  10.62 volts

 

 

 

after charging and discharging the capacitor we found that the time for charging was 22.27 seconds was suppose to be 20 seconds . the discharging time was 5.15 seconds where it was suppose to be 2 seconds. also the final voltage across the capacitor was not 12 volts and this was due to the leakage resistance.



PRACTICAL SIGNAL CONDITION

 

 

using an LM35 Electronic temperature sensor. we are told that this electronic device  produces an output voltage of 10mv per each degree Celsius. here is a pictorial depiction of how to connect this temperature sensor.

 

 

 

 

In the U.S, The temperature is read in Fahrenheit. we will do the necessary in order to produce the right reading. This reading will be in degrees Fahrenheit.  we will utilize an op amp connected to the sensor. this circuit will look like this.

 

 

  

in order to find R1 and R2 this is the calculations that were made. Using the two equations we found a resistance ratio. and then picked two resistance that would give that ratio.

 

 we then proceed to find Vref.

 

 during the connection of our circuit we encounter a  problem. the problem was that since our breadboard only allowed for two  voltages, we need a third voltage (Vref going in our circuit). we use a resistance in order to obtain the Vref needed using voltage divider rule this is the R obtained.

 

 

 After all our calculations were done, we then proceed to build our final circuit.

we then obtained the Vf  which in this case is the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.  6.59 mV(65.9 degrees Fahrenheit) and here is the percent error,

 

 

Overall we found out that our circuit was around 90 percent accurate in transforming degree Celsius to degree Fahrenheit.  

 

 

 

 

 

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 1

In this lab we will investigate how an op amp amplifies the voltage in order to obtain the voltage required. 

here is a picture of the original problem in the left side we have the sensor and in the right we have the op amp.

we will start this problem by first solving for the resistances in the right side here are the calculations. most of the calculations were done with the restrictions that are applied

we then proceed to solve for the left part of the problem. we also used the restrictions and the values found on the right part of the problem.

we also figured out the resistance by taking in consideration the power

we then proceed to calculate our Ry

after we were done we then proceed to measure our resistances and voltages 

and here was the actual circuit

after measuring here is a table of what we obtained 

 in conclusion we found out that a problem can be easier when broken into several pieces. we also found out that our measurements were not far apart from the theoretical notes. the op amp used was actually helpful in amplifying and inverting the voltage

Thevenin Equivalent

Thevenin Equivalent

 

In this experiment we will be investigating a circuit that will be replaced with a Thevenin equivalent circuit. this is a picture of the circuit that will be replaced with  the Thevenin equivalent circuit.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

we first proceed by calculating our Vthevenal. this was done by calculating our Vx which is the same as Vth. here is a picture of the calculation using nodal analysis. Vth= 8.64 volts

 

 

We also calculated our Rth= Rthevenal. here is a picture of the calculation. which was done by removing the voltage sources and closing the circuit. Rth= 65.94 ohms

 

 

now that we obtain our thevenin circuit, the experiment required a load when 8 volts were in such Rload. here is a calculation of how we obtained the Rload. this was done with Voltage divider Rule. Rload= 824.25 ohms 

 

 

once our calculations were done, we then proceed to build our circuit with the values calculated. here are some pictures of our assembled circuit.

 

 

 

 we also obtained the nominal and measured values of our circuit. here is a table of such measurements.

 

 

 

also the voltage in the Rload 2 = 7.91Volta and the theoretical was 8 Volts  which gave a percent error of 1.122 percent.

 

 

 

we dissembled our circuit and build the original one.

 

 

the voltage on the Rload 2 for this circuit was also 7.91 volts.

 

 

 

before dissembling our circuit we made sure that Vmax supplied to Rload 2 occurs when Rload = Rth. here is the calculation and several other calculations when Rload was different.

 

 

 

 

 

this experiment allow us to conclude that a circuit in fact can be replaced with a thevenin equivalent circuit. The values in this new circuit will be the same as in the original circuit. we also discover that the max voltage supplied to the Rload can be reached when our Rth= Rload.